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Definition: Reasoning is the human capacity (but see also Artificial Intelligence) to consciously make sense of things, to establish and verify facts, and change or justify practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.
Also called rationality and logic as opposed to inituition.
R can be broadly split up into deduction and induction.
Other special forms of R are: abduction, analogy, which are however more susceptible to fallacy.